The history of Allama Iqbal is the story of a man whose words and vision changed the course of South Asian history. Known as the “Poet of the East” (Shair-e-Mashriq), Iqbal was not only a literary genius but also a philosopher, thinker, and political visionary. His poetry awakened Muslims of the Indian subcontinent and laid the foundation for the dream of Pakistan.

In the middle of the 20th century, when India’s Muslims struggled for identity and rights, Allama Iqbal gave them hope through his powerful words and inspiring philosophy. His vision continues to inspire generations, making him one of the most influential figures in modern Islamic thought.

Early Life and Education

Allama Muhammad Iqbal was born on 9th November 1877 in Sialkot, Punjab, which was then part of British India. His family belonged to a deeply religious Kashmiri background. His father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad, was a pious man, while his mother, Imam Bibi, was known for her kindness and wisdom.

Iqbal showed brilliance from a young age. He studied Arabic and Persian under the guidance of his teachers in Sialkot. Later, he enrolled in Government College, Lahore, where he studied philosophy and literature. His exceptional talent in poetry and oratory soon gained recognition.

In 1905, Iqbal went to Europe for higher studies. He studied philosophy at Cambridge University, earned a law degree in London, and later completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Munich in Germany. His time in Europe broadened his vision and exposed him to Western philosophy, which he later merged with Islamic thought.

Iqbal as a Poet of the East

Iqbal’s poetry is considered among the finest in Urdu and Persian literature. Unlike many poets who focused on romance, Iqbal’s poetry dealt with selfhood, revival, and the destiny of nations.

Some of his most famous works include:

• Bang-e-Dra (Call of the Marching Bell): A collection of poems that stirred the spirit of Muslims in India.
  
  

• Asrar-e-Khudi (Secrets of the Self): A philosophical poem in Persian that emphasized self-realization and empowerment.
  
  

• Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (Secrets of Selflessness): Focused on community and collective identity.
  
  

• Payam-e-Mashriq (Message of the East): A response to Goethe’s West-Eastern Divan.
  
  

• Bal-e-Jibril and Zarb-e-Kalim: Works that critiqued colonialism and called for Muslim unity.
  
  

Iqbal used his poetry as a tool to awaken Muslims, reminding them of their glorious past and urging them to rise against oppression.

Philosophy of Khudi (Selfhood)

One of Iqbal’s most important contributions was his philosophy of Khudi (Selfhood). He believed that every individual must recognize their inner potential, strengthen their self, and rise above fear. For Iqbal, selfhood was not selfishness—it was about discovering one’s divine purpose and fulfilling it with courage and dignity.

His famous verse sums it up:
"Khudi ko kar buland itna ke har taqdeer se pehle,
Khuda bande se khud poochhe, bata teri raza kya hai."

(“Raise your selfhood to such heights that before destiny is written, God Himself will ask you what you desire.”)

This philosophy inspired countless Muslims to reclaim confidence and dignity during colonial rule.

Political Vision and the Dream of Pakistan

Iqbal was not only a poet but also a political thinker. He believed that Muslims of India needed a separate identity to preserve their culture, religion, and rights.

In 1930, during his presidential address at the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad, Iqbal presented the idea of a separate homeland for Muslims in the northwest of India. This speech is often regarded as the intellectual foundation of Pakistan.

He argued that Muslims were not just a minority but a separate nation with their own history, culture, and values. His vision deeply influenced leaders like Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who later turned this dream into reality.

Iqbal’s Influence on Muslim Identity

Iqbal inspired Muslims to rediscover their pride in Islam’s rich history. He encouraged them to study the Quran deeply and apply its teachings to modern challenges. He emphasized Ijtihad (independent reasoning) as a way to reform Islamic thought and adapt it to contemporary needs.

His works also inspired Muslims beyond South Asia. From Iran to Turkey, and from Central Asia to the Middle East, Iqbal’s philosophy of selfhood and revivalism became a source of strength.

Personal Life and Character

Iqbal lived a simple but impactful life. He married three times and had children, including Javed Iqbal, who later became a respected judge and scholar. Despite his fame, Iqbal remained humble, deeply spiritual, and committed to his mission of uplifting Muslims.

He was known for his generosity and kindness. Many of his students and friends remembered him not only as a poet but also as a mentor who guided them in personal and intellectual growth.

Final Years and Death

Allama Iqbal spent his later years in Lahore, continuing to write and guide political leaders. However, his health declined due to illness.

He passed away on 21st April 1938 in Lahore, before seeing the creation of Pakistan in 1947. His tomb, located next to the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, remains a site of inspiration for millions.

Legacy of Allama Iqbal

The history of Allama Iqbal is not just about poetry but also about vision, courage, and leadership. His legacy includes:

• Poet of the East: Recognized worldwide for his profound literary contributions.
  
  

• National Poet of Pakistan: Officially declared by the Government of Pakistan.
  
  

• Philosopher: His thoughts on Khudi and Islamic revivalism continue to inspire scholars.
  
  

• Political Visionary: The intellectual force behind the demand for Pakistan.
  
  

Every year, Pakistan celebrates Iqbal Day on 9th November to honor his contributions. His works are taught in schools and universities, and his poetry remains alive in the hearts of millions.

Conclusion

The history of Allama Iqbal is the story of a man who combined intellect, spirituality, and political vision to shape the destiny of millions. Through his poetry, he awakened a sleeping nation. Through his philosophy, he gave Muslims a sense of self-worth. And through his vision, he laid the foundation of Pakistan.

Iqbal’s life reminds us that words, when combined with vision and courage, can change the course of history. He was not just the Poet of the East—he was the guide of a nation.